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Question: Critically review and appraise policy and practices that contribute to the Health and Wellbeing of children, young people and their families. Answer: Summary of Smoking in Pregnancy Smoking is one of the lifestyle habits that most government and people advocate against. For those embracing smoking, they argue that it helps in stimulating their brain and cure stress while health practitioners have documented its side effects. However, of concerns is smoking in pregnancy. Firstly, some researchers attribute smoking to miscarriages among pregnant smokers. In addition to that, documents reveal that it causes a number of dangers to the health of the fetus (Bowes, Grace, 2014). Thus, medics strongly recommend that pregnant women ought not to smoke before, during and even after pregnancy. Moreover, the group that is more at risk is those that are of lower classes for they rely on breastfeeding as the main source for nutrition for their new born baby. Some of these effects include but are not limited to low birth weight, a sudden death of an infant syndrome, and pregnancy complications such as placental abruptions and placenta prevail. In Australia, smoking is common a mong the indigenous group. Thus, the government has put in place policies and embraced guidelines that not only aid pregnant smokers, but also adopt an approach that is geared towards embracing their right for self-determination, access to care and equity. In addition to that, the principle of health promotion, advocacy, and primary care are essential not only for all population group but to a pregnant smoker and indigenous Australians as well. Thus, applying such principle can help in many ways to alleviating this unpleasant trend. Policies Relevant to the Smoking The Australian government has put up policies that are geared towards preventing smoking among her population especially, for pregnant women. However, these policies follow a clear guideline that is derived by many agencies and players, locally, and even abroad, for instance, the recommendation of World Health Organization (Clifford et al., 2015). Thus, it prudent to discuss such policies and guidelines in relation to smoking in pregnancy. It has been proposed that the national decrease in smoking amid pregnancy happened in light of solid antismoking endeavors focusing on the general population. World-driving populace and approaches have been actualized in Australia since 2003. These incorporate broad communications, plain bundling of tobacco items, realistic health notices on cigarette bundling, expanded tobacco charges and the expansion of the boycott of smoking in encased open spots to incorporate authorized premises. Both broad communications and rising cigarette cost were compel ling in diminishing the predominance of smoking in Australia's general population (HealthInfoNet et al., 2015). Adding realistic notices to cigarette bundles was not related with lessened smoking pervasiveness in Australia, but rather it was related to expanded calls to the smoking discontinuance helpline, similar to the commanding of plain packaging. The Legislature is focused on guaranteeing that projects to address high rates of smoking depend on the most exceptional proof, and are conveyed in a way that is fitting, successful and proficient to indigenous Australians. Accordingly, the Administration has embraced a free audit of the Handling Indigenous Smoking project. The survey will build up another proof to give suggestions in light of an ideal approach to decrease Native and Torres Strait Islander smoking rates. Smoking in pregnancy and the principle of Health Promotion, Primary Care and Advocacy There are various ways that the government of Australia can advocate smoking in pregnancy in line with the principle of health promotion, advocacy and health care. To start with the principle of health promotions, the government, both the national and the state ought to ensure that there is empowerment for all Australians in regards to the benefits of not smoking during pregnancy (Chrisopoulos, Harford, Ellershaw, 2016). In addition to that, there must be public participation in advocating for the reasons why pregnant women ought not to smoke. The government and health care organization ought to partner with other agencies, like the main stream media, to air their agenda on smoking in pregnancy (Jervis-Bardy, Sanchez, Carney, 2014). Lastly, it is not prudent to rely on one strategy in fighting for women smoking before, during and after pregnancy. It is advisable that multi strategy policy will be a preferable to focusing on one strategy. In regards to primary care, the campaign on stopping smoking ought to be made on the population that is highly in need. Additionally, the community must be involved in antismoking campaign and lastly, it is important to educate Australians on the possible danger and benefits of smoking before, during and after pregnancy. There is also health advocacy; the services that can facilitate these antismoking programs must be made accessible to the community in need. The best way is to include educators, medics and parties involved in facilitating the policies of making women aware of not smoking. Smoking in pregnancy and Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Families Factors in outlining viable health care for Indigenous people group include: including all Indigenous in execution of projects; recognizing distinctive drivers that propel people; building viable associations between group individuals and the associations included; social comprehension and systems for successful criticism to people and families, group proprietorship and support for intercessions (Walker et al., 2014). Family-focused methodologies over the life course have additionally been suggested in the counteractive action of interminable disease. The Provincial Handling Smoking and Sound Way of life groups conveyed under the Handling Indigenous Smoking system, a part of the Australian Government's Indigenous Australians' health Project expect to advance antismoking effectively, sans smoke situations and support more advantageous way of life decisions through encouraging indigenous Australians, health advancement and social advertising exercises (Jongen et al., 2014). However, al l the programs that the government put in place follows fair distribution of resources, they also do not allow do not give the people what they do not and lastl, they ensure that their resources are available to everyone. Immunization Summary of Immunization This denotes a process in which human being is treated in such a way that a particular agent causing illness cannot cause disease. The body system of a person is thus made strong to resist or prevent against potential immunogen from altering his or her health. Immunization is often done to human beings to strengthen their functionality of B cells, T cells and the antibodies of B cells. In hospitals and other health care centers, immunization is carried out via various methods. The process of immunization is called vaccination, and the agents or rather drugs used for the process are called vaccines. The fact that immunization can help one from acquiring disease makes it an important activity for both children and adults (Osborne et al., 2015). However, for children, it has two benefits, firstly, it helps in protecting them from acquiring diseases, and second, it offers a means of developing their immune system which is yet to develop during their early stages of growth and development . There are two methods of immunization, or rather; immunization can be effected in two ways, that is, active immunization and passive immunization. To start with the first one, active immunization occurs naturally when a microbe enters into someones body. In effects, as the body has natural ways of fighting diseases, it will create antibodies that will fight against the microbe. This makes the body aware of the microbe. Should it happen again, the body will have equipped itself well to encounter the microbe (Smylie, Firestone, 2016). On the other hand, passive immunization denotes inducing elements to provoke the immune system to produce antibodies to fight against such elements. Thus, should the same agents, that have the potential to cause disease come again, the body will be well equipped to fight them. Unlike active immunity which is life lasting, passive immunity tends to fade away with time. Some of the common diseases that one can be vaccinated against include but are not l imited to polio, tetanus, and tuberculosis. Policies of Immunization in Australia The government of Australia has got policies put in place to guide immunization of her population. However, it is worth noting that there are also guidelines that the government has laid out or rather follow in its implementation of immunization. Firstly, the policy is based on collaboration and suggestion from the public-private partnerships which are in line with Global for Vaccines and Immunizations. These guidelines and policies help health care practitioners to administer vaccines based on certain set of standards (Staneva et al., 2015). Additionally, The projects give assurance against probably the most destructive irresistible sicknesses that pose serious ailment and have the potential to pass to other groups (Clifford et al., 2015). Two dosages of the antibody are given in a period of half and from the beginning of the year once. Irresistible maladies, in spite of the fact that are representing just a minority of the abundance ailment load in Indigenous Australians, are espec ially advanced by highlights of their weakness, for example, stuffing, a poor framework for health and cleanliness, and poor nourishment. They are likewise more promptly and quickly focused for intercession than interminable illnesses. Antibody preventable illnesses are especially manageable to fast and savvy aversion, and focused on immunization programs have been appeared to lessen health disparities. However, conveyance of these projects, as other social insurance intercessions, relies upon socially fitting health administrations Immunization and the Principle of Health Promotion, Primary Health Care and Advocacy Immunization policies and guidelines can well be served to the Australian population by following the principles of primary health care, health promotion and advocacy. Firstly, it is important to educate the public on the benefits of undergoing immunization (Baum, 2016). This is essential as an informed person will be willing to take their child for immunization. Secondly, there ought to be accessibility of health centers for all Australian population. This is a requirement that policy makers must strive to achieve. Another requirement is for the people that are highly vulnerable but willing to receive treatment to be included and offered with vaccination. The indigenous Australians tend to ignore immunization for cultural beliefs but with proper education, these groups will is likelihood to shift that mentality (Durey, 2010). In advocating for immunization, policy makers or the government may need to apply a multi strategy that will incorporate many players unlike doing it independe ntly with the help of medics. Lastly, it is important that all players involved be at the forefront in advocating for immunization. Immunization and Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Families The standard of health status of Indigenous Australians has been broadly announced and is connected inseparably to their continuous social and monetary disservice. Additionally, they follow the principle the principle of equity, self-determination and health care accessibility. Measures to diminish health care disparity are best centered on aversion and other measure that could aid in bridging the gap of disparity in regards determinants of health among indigenous group (Eldredge et al., 2016). From 2015, season's cold virus antibody will be free to all Native and Torres Strait Islander children that are a half year to five years and accessible under the National Vaccination Program. This season's flu virus shot will secure children against the most recent regular influenza infection. A few kids beyond five years with other therapeutic conditions ought to have the season's flu virus shot to decrease their danger of creating extreme flu. Various inoculation programs are accessible for individuals of Native and Torres Strait Islander drop. Breastfeeding Summary of breastfeeding This is one of the most important activities that mothers perform to their children immediately after birth. It refers to the sucking of babies for milk on their mothers breasts. According to medics, a child needs to start breastfeeding one hour immediately after birth and the act ought to continue for as long as the child needs to milk. It is common for children to nurse milk more often in the first weeks but this usually decreases as the child grow older. There are many advantages that come with breastfeeding a child. Firstly, studies documents that breastfeeding reduces the risk of a child contacting respiratory tract infections and also avoid diarrhea. In addition to that, breastfeeding has the potential to reduce chances of a child contacting diabetes type 1, asthma and leukemia (Galbally et al., 2013). In addition to those, studies reveal that breastfeeding improves cognitive development in children and prevent them from any risk of infection. Moreover, medics have partners wit h other agencies to promote the campaign of women breastfeeding their children with the aim of spreading the message louder. In addition to that, indigenous group as a community are highly in need of the campaign on breastfeeding and thus, it is concentrating its efforts on this particular group more than in other groups. Another important aspect countries can do to promote breastfeeding is involving the community in the campaign for breastfeeding. It is done in many ways, for instance, by educating them and giving them the mandate to spread the importance of breastfeeding to their community members (Baum, 2016). Policies put in place for breastfeeding in Australia In Australia, there are policies and guidelines that the government has put in place to help people or rather encourage women to breastfeed their children. The policies and guidelines are guided by principles of health care, advocacy and health promotion (Lehmann et al., 2010). The government of Australia knows the need for breastfeeding and therefore, it has put up measures that help children and even mothers achieve this by following certain guidelines. To start with the first one, the national government and the state stipulates that breastfeeding ought to start within the first hours or as it may deem fit based on the circumstance (Pearce et al., 2015). Secondly, both the national and state government suggests that infant-mothers ought to remain together. In addition to that, another policy is that the infant ought to be allowed to be the one who is regulating feeding or breastfeeding without any restriction either on the length or duration. Also, infants are not to be given any supplement or artificial dummies. In regards to the duration, the national and state government puts it that it is a must for children to be given exclusive breastfeeding during the first six months then other substance like food may follow as they grow older but at a slower rate (Passmore et al., 2015). However, both the national and state government hold that milk ought to be the important main intake for the newborn for the first twelve months after which food substance should then be introduced. These policies are line with the World Health Organization guideline which stipulates that children breastfeeding must be critical and be given to children for the first two years or more after which food substances should then be introduced. In the formation of policies and campaign on breastfeeding, the Australian government and policy makers find it prudent to follow the principle of primary health care, advocacy and health promotion (Eldredge et al., 2016). In regards to breastfeeding and the principle of health promotion, the Australian government through health professionals empowers women on the need of breastfeeding and why it is important to the health of the children. In addition to that, the government has deliberately allowed the public to attend seminars and other forum that campaigns for breastfeeding especially in this age where mothers are too busy with their careers to find time to breastfeed their children (Baum, 2016). Lastly, there is the principle of advocacy which entails involving educators and promoters in advocating for breastfeeding. This can be done, and is often done by professionals and government agents through the ministry of Health in Australia and the aim is make people aware as to why the y need and have to breastfeed their children. Breastfeeding and Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Families The indigenous group in Australia, that is, the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander families are known to have not only poor education but also most of them are poor as compared to non-indigenous Australians. In line with that, the Aboriginal people deserve to be taken into consideration in helping children and women breastfeed their children as far as the principles of equity and access to health care are concerned. However, all this must be in line in respecting their rights, that is, what they deem fit, also known as a right of self-determination (Coleman et al., 2015). It is in so doing that Australia has come up with the National Breastfeeding Strategy with various activities in place (Gould et al., 2015). In its policies, it borrows from Australian Dietary Guidelines and international Organizations frameworks. Additionally, the guidelines are from a broad range of expert opinions and peer-reviewed journals. On 1 July 2014, the Australian Government set up the Indigenous Austr alians' Wellbeing Program, uniting four existing subsidizing streams: essential human services financing, maternal health programs, and more grounded Fates in the Northern Region and programs secured by the Native and Torres Strait Islander Perpetual Sickness Store. The IAHP expects to enhance the strength of all Native and Torres Strait Islander people groups through an assortment of focused exercises concentrated on neighborhood health needs that are intended to accomplish health equity amongst Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australians in tyke mortality and future (Duckett, Willcox, 2015) References Baum, F., 2016.The new public health(No. Ed. 4). Oxford University Press. Bowes, J. and Grace, R., 2014. Review of early childhood parenting, education and health intervention programs for Indigenous children and families in Australia. 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