Behavioural Theories of Child Development

Behavioural Theories of Child Development Alyshea Davies Child development and welfare Development and child rearing 2.1 – Explain the extent to which conditioning has been used in the shaping behaviour The method shaping is involved in calculated reinforcement which is behaviour trained to them by the trainer. The trainer rewards them for crude approximations of a desired action. One the trainer then rewards then with a behaviour reward this is one step closer towards their target. As the people/animal reaches each behaviour target the older behavioural rewards are stopped which then help to encourage their process towards their desired behaviour. Shaping uses an operant conditioning to help to train a subject by rewarding them properly for their good behaviour and discouraging their improper behaviour. B.F. Skinner enforces heavily within the reinforcement or punishment so that the successive approximations of certain behaviours. The reinforcement helps to strengthen the behaviour that comes before it, it can either have a positive or negative outcome. Positive reinforcement is the person/animal attaining the access to a reward, whilst the negative reinforcement involving taking something away from the situation. Both positive and negative behaviour encourages reinforcement, punishments on people/animals could have a positive or negative outcome. Positive punishments is an undesirable consequence on the person/animal whereas a negative punishment removed the access to desire a reward. B.F Skinner performed shaping experiments, he experimented on a lot of animals which included rats. He would put the rats into skinner boxes that monitored their behaviour, he would release food for the rats and when the rats initially entered the box skinner would reward the rat. Each reward would increase of the desired behaviour. This have been tested on humans to and has the same reactions. 2.2 – Discuss the appropriateness of behavioural method in terms of effectiveness and ethics A discipline is something that can help a child fit into the real world and be happy and effectively. It helps to develop the child’s own self-discipline. Effective and positive discipline is not being nasty it is teaching and helping to guide children, not forcing them to obey it’s teach them how to live in the real world. Even though they point out unacceptable behaviour of the child, the child should know that their parents do love them and support them they need to be taught between right and wrong. Being a parent is not just about watching a child it’s about raising the child and providing them with all the necessary materials and emotional care that they need also their physical, emotional, cognitive and social development. Any parent finds that discipline their child is the most difficult but the most important responsibility they have and there are no shortcuts to it. Every parent must teach their child about limits and acceptable behaviour. The main aim of effective discipline so that the child behaviours appropriately so that they will be raised up to be an emotionally mature adult. The main reason for foundation of effective discipline is for respect and how to learn to respect others. All children should be able to respect their parents. Hard discipline such as verbal abuse, shouting or calling your child names will make it hard for your child to respect or trust you as the parent. An effective discipline means a discipline applied with mutual respect in a firm, fair, reasonable and consistent way not a hard and angry way. The goal of this is to help and protect a child from danger and to help a child learn self-discipline and develop healthy conscience. But hitting a child hard may lead to them discipline someone in the wrong way, and this could cause another person to become hurt. 2.3 – Critically evaluate the use of power assertion techniques in enforcing restrictions, compare with other psychological methods Authoritarian parents could go over the top and end up hurting a child instead of teaching them what good behaviour is and looks like from reinforcement may be more beneficial as if Bandura is right and kids to copy their parents and could become aggressive as their parents are the people that they look at to and their parents are the child’s role models. The critics of bandura said that any parent may not be the only imitated the child looks up to they could look up to parents, older siblings. So the child is more likely to be copied and consequently a parent beating the child may be imitated. 3.1 – define social learning and relate experimental evidence Albert Bandura has proposed a social learning theory which has become one of the most influential theory’s for learning and developing. Bandura believed that leading a child into the direct reinforcement could not account for all types of learning that they need. Behavioural theories of learning suggested that learning of children was the result of associations which were formed by conditioning, reinforcement and punishment. Bandura’s social learning theory proposed that a child learning can also happen simply by watching others and picking up on the stuff they do. This is known as observational learning or modelling. He quoted †¦.. Learning would be exceedingly laborious, not to mention hazardous, if people had to rely solely on the effects of their own actions to inform them what to do. Fortunately, most human behaviour is learned observationally through modelling: from observing others one forms an idea of how new behaviours are performed, and on later occasions this coded information serves as a guide for action. -Albert Bandura,Social Learning Theory, 1977 Bandura done Bobo doll experiments, he said that children learn their behaviour they have watched within other people around them. The children he studied all observed an adult acting very violent towards the Bobo dolls. When the children were playing in the room later on with the Bobo dolls, they were aggressive this is because they watched the adults being aggressive earlier on and they must of fort the behaviour was a normal way to act towards the Bobo dolls. 3.2 – critically evaluate the impact of modelling on child development Children learn appropriate behaviour and learn how to follow rules and emotional attachment with their family also depends on how the child behaves. Children watch their parents say â€Å"please† and â€Å"thank you† and they tend to copy whereas if they did not say it the would copy and have no manners at all and people would label them as â€Å"rude and not polite†. The importance of an adult modelling is that it has an impact on the child’s behaviour. The negative side of child modelling is the adult’s bad behaviour such as using alcohol, tobacco and drugs both illegal and legal. This will teach the children in their eyes that this is right to do, when it’s not alcohol may cause the adult to become aggressive and the child will think that this behaviour is normal and start to act this way towards other people. Conditions Using Novel object to hit the Bebo doll Exhibiting non aggressive actions Model being praised Child 1 from video 1 2 1 Child 2 from video 1 6 0 Child 3 Girl Aged 5 3 2 Child 4 Boy Aged 3 4 0 Child 5 Girl Aged 4 3 2 Child 6 Boy Aged 4 4 1 Model being punished Child 1 Boy Aged 3 2 5 Child 2 Boy Aged 5 1 6 Child 3 Girl Aged 4 0 3 Child 4 Girl Aged 5 0 5 Child 5 Girl Aged 4 1 4 Child 6 Boy Aged 4 2 5 Title A study to investigate whether children learn from observing a model exhibiting aggressive behaviour to a Bobo doll Table of contents NEXT SHOULD COME YOUR TABLE OF CONTENTS, WHICH INCLUDE PAGE NUMBERS Abstract DO NOT WRITE UNTIL REPORT IS COMPLETE Induction Bandura was a behaviourist he believed that children’s behaviour could be shaped by operant conditioning or through classical conditioning. This would help to improve punishment, negative reinforcement and positive reinforcement. Bandura also found that the original theory for this was called â€Å"clumsy† that would of meant that all behavioural problems that would have had to been shaped. If he did not do this he would not of been able to live as we do today now in our complex social societies. Bandura took one step further by testing on Bobo dolls for his experimenting to see how a child behaviour after their parents were aggressive towards the Bobo dolls. This then showed him that the children were aggressive afterwards when their parents left the room and they were left to play with them. Condoning have also been used to help shape animals behaviour and this have also been related to us humans by training us how to say â€Å"thank you and please†. Reinforcem ent is how an adult has the power over a child and how a child is punished in good and bad ways. This helps the child when they are growing up to learn the difference between right and wrong. Aim The aim of this test is to find out do children copy their parents and are they modelled by them. For example, a Bobo doll was used in the test the children watched their patents hit the Bobo doll and become aggressive towards it, and once the children were left alone with the Bobo doll they done the same thing they started to hit the doll and they become aggressive towards the doll. Hypothesis I found the hypothesis was true after the children’s parents were aggressive towards the Bobo dolls and the children were watching them. Once the parents left the room and the children were left to play with the Bobo dolls the children become aggressive towards the dolls like their parents. None of the children were non aggressive towards the dolls. The null hypothesis has no significant difference between condition 1 which is the child who are being praised and condition 2 is where the child is being punished when they are acting aggressive towards the Bobo dolls. Method This was an observation experiment I watched videos and carry out charts to see how the children acted with the Bobo doll after their parents were aggressive with it first. Throughout the independent subject design there was parents and children. The parent was female and was hitting the Bobo doll first then the first child was a boy and the second child was a girl. The apparatus was the video of the parent and children who were aggressive towards the Bobo doll and I had to do a mark sheet (which is above) and write down the aggressive and non-aggressive acts. I also used a stop watch to observe the time used throughout the experiment. Result The results of my descripitive statics, are the graphs and the results of the statistical test that I carried out below: Inferential statistics/ treatment of result I used a parametic test over a non-parametic test because this test helped me to make assumptions about the parameters of population distribution from the charts that are shown on my results, whereas a non-parametic test is one that makes no such assumption. I compared two different groups of participants the one group was the children who was punished after becoming aggressive towards the Bobo doll and the other group was the children who was being praised. After the data I have collected I have decided that the result of treatment is nominal.

Blackrock by Nick Enright Essay

The impact of difference that is revealed in nick Enright’s text ‘Blackrock’ and Ed Fischer’s ‘go to the closet’ is that gender difference and those who are of different belief can majorly impact a group/individual severely. In particular being a female in a young male’s society, or having the belief that homosexuality is acceptable in society. The play ‘Blackrock’ portrays gender difference within the community where women are discriminated against and don’t have ample opportunities in which the males almost always have. The male characters have a close bond and an adequate amount of respect for each, due to being a male. Whilst treating females with little respect. The males expect that the females have to listen and do what is asked of them, objectifying them sexually. Then using derogatory language towards them. Scott- â€Å"piss off, you old slag. † When not living up to their standards. In a number of scenes, the treatment of the males to females is shown significantly. When ricko asks jarred to cover up for him and lie to the police, jarred feels obligated to protect his ‘bro’ instead of assisting in justice for one of the girls. At the party the girls are yet again expected to act a certain way and according to the boys they should act flirty as well as ‘put out’. As the girls explore their sexuality, as requested by the boys they get sworn at as well as abused. Scott-â€Å"she’s been through ricko already. Now its Gary. Now she’s a fucken band mole. † Towards the end of the play the males show no remorse for their behaviour against Tracey, and suggest that Tracey was acting a certain way for them to pursue in sexual relations, claiming that she consented. As a consequence of their actions Tracey was left alone and vulnerable, leaving ricko the chance to take advantage of the state Tracey was in. However in defending toby, Stewart expresses apprehension of what would happen to toby if he was convicted of his crimes, and once imprisoned as a young male would then possibly become a victim of sexual assault within the prison walls of grown men. Rachel points out that gender difference in the matter of everyone being contemptuous about Tracey’s assault and the fact of matter that the behaviour being excused and unaccounted for. The girls stick to together before, during and after the party. Scott- â€Å"couple of lezzos, are you. † Additionally the text ‘go to the closet’ also depicts discrimination due to sexuality differences. In this cartoon facial expressions and hand gestures by the puritans who look disgusted and intolerant of the homosexual couple, pointing them towards the closet. This suggests that society does not tolerate homosexuality because it is different. Ed Fischer’s is persuading the audience about difference of same sex marriage, and his opinion on the puritans, as well as the wrongful treatment that some people receive is intolerable, it is wrong and to not discriminate against people with different sexual reference. In addition to both the text and cartoon, difference in gender or sexuality can effect an individual/group in such a harmful way, whether it be traceys death, or the 2 homosexuals being ‘sent back into the closet’. Not only women but other different pinioned people should always be accepted and recognize the facts that it is acceptable in today’s society.

What Does Nursing Mean To Me?

It is important to me that nursing is identified as an honorable and essential profession. I believe that nursing is a status that reflects the two equally important parts of nursing knowledge: Empirical knowledge and Esthetical knowledge. â€Å"It is the artful nurse's interactions that can bridge the gap introduced by technology and science, thereby creating integrity and engagement rather than detachment in the personal encounter† (Johnson, 1994). Even when I am not at work, I sub-consciously carry that status with me all the time; and am ready to demonstrate it.For example, at a family gathering, if someone asks me a health-related question, I not only provide the scientific answer and explanation in simple language, but will also give him or her health teaching related to that question in a caring, compassionate way. I can relate carrying this status with me just like how celebrities carry the glamorous status with them all the time and, how they are always ready to face the camera. Therefore, for me, nursing is a status that can only be maintained by the right combination of science and art.It is important to me that nursing is identified as an honorable and essential profession. I believe that nursing is a status that reflects the two equally important parts of nursing knowledge: Empirical knowledge and Esthetical knowledge. â€Å"It is the artful nurse's interactions that can bridge the gap introduced by technology and science, thereby creating integrity and engagement rather than detachment in the personal encounter† (Johnson, 1994). Even when I am not at work, I sub-consciously carry that status with me all the time; and am ready to demonstrate it.For example, at a family gathering, if someone asks me a health-related question, I not only provide the scientific answer and explanation in simple language, but will also give him or her health teaching related to that question in a caring, compassionate way. I can relate carrying this status with me just like how celebrities carry the glamorous status with them all the time and, how they are always ready to face the camera. Therefore, for me, nursing is a status that can only be maintained by the right combination of science and art.

The Letter From Jourdan Anderson - 865 Words

Reading the first letter from Jourdan Anderson, one of the meanings of freedom one can take away from the tone of Anderson’s diction is the freedom to throw shade. Seriously, Anderson is now a free man and thus free to write smugly to his former master, and eloquently so. His letter essentially tells the Colonel there is no chance in hell that he and his family will return to live with the man who previously enslaved them. Anderson also expressed he knew he was already a free man in response to the Colonel promising his freedom upon his return. Anderson states, â€Å"there is nothing to be gained on that score, as I got my free papers in 1864 from the Provost-Marshal-General of the Department of Nashville.† That line asserts to the Colonel that going returning to Big Spring would not be advantageous because he can already live freely with his family. He does not need, nor want to return to the Colonel’s home. I think Anderson responds in this way because he is e ntertaining the fact that the Colonel had the audacity to ask his former slave family to return because he couldn’t run things without them. Anderson brings up wages, giving the Colonel a proper dragging when he breaks down the math for the thirty-two and twenty years’ worth of work for which he and his wife were previously unpaid. He splendidly appends â€Å"Add this to the interest for the time our wages have been kept back†¦Please send the money by Adams’s Express,† and it is at this point that one can apply cold water toShow MoreRelatedThe Civil War Of African Americans1010 Words   |  5 PagesOne can only begin to imagine the life for a slave during the mid-late nineteenth century. For an African American, the word â€Å"life† evolved from a word that meant absolutely nothing, to a word that stood for an individual’s highest commodity. After the civil war, emancipation for slaves transformed from a dream to a reality. Although t he civil war finally ended in 1865 after four years of fighting, certain citizens and groups across the nation still remained in a state if disagreement with the freedomRead MoreA Research on African-American Literature1898 Words   |  8 Pagesreflections of the 1860s 1950s and 1960s America by notable African Americans. To My Old Master by Jourdon Anderson To My Old Master (Young, 1996, pp. 15-16) is chronologically the first of the three selected readings and is a letter written on August 7, 1865. Written 1 year after the authors emancipation and only 4 months after the end of the American Civil War, Andersons letter is clearly the product of the struggle between North and South regarding slavery, the emancipation of slaves byRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pages10.5/12 ITC New Baskerville Std Credits and acknowledgments borrowed from other sources and reproduced, with permission, in this textbook appear on the appropriate page within text. Copyright  © 2013, 2011, 2009, 2007, 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. This publication is protected by Copyright, and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval